Literature: A-K ; L-Z ; subject area
Compiled by: Julian Thorpe
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3)
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Please Note: Due to time constraints, the text part of this page has not been updated for some time. However, references are added reasonably frequently. |
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3;
also known as tau protein kinase I [TPKI]) is a kinase with a well-known
role in glycogen metabolism and activation of transcription factors that
can also phosphorylate tau
(Ishiguro et al., 1992). GSK-3 beta (but not
GSK-3 alpha) has been shown to be increased in pre-tangle (Pei et
al., 1999 ) and closely-associated with the p-tau of tangle-bearing
neurons ( Yamaguchi et al., 1996).
 | Imahori and Uchida (1997) showedGSK-3 beta to be equivalent
to TPKI and, with TPKII (consisting of a novel 23 kDa protein activator
and CDK5), could account for most major phosphorylation sites of fetal
and PHF(paired helical filament)-tau. GSK-3 beta and TPKII were associated
with NFTs in vivo and were suggested to be important in the formation
of neural networks in the neonatal brain. Using primary cultures of
embryonic rat hippocampus, theyalso demonstrated that
beta-amyloid
treatment induced GSK-3 beta activity, extensive phosphorylation
of tau and cell death. GSK-3 beta also interacted with pyruvate
dehydrogenase (PDH), thereby reducing levels of acetyl-CoA, essential
for (the neurotransmitter) acetylcholine synthesis. |
| Further corroborating in vivo evidence of GSK-3 beta’s potential
role in AD has come from research on
transgenic mouse models
overexpressing this kinase (Lucas et al., 2001;
Spittaels et al., 2000), which evidenced tau hyperphosphorylation
and associated astrocytosis, microglial activation and cell death in
hippocampal neurons. |
| Leost et al. (2000) reported that paullones are potent inhibitors of GSK-3 beta (and neuronal cdk5 /p25). The most active paullone was Alsterpaullone, which competes with ATP for binding to GSK-3 beta and inhibits the in vivo phosphorylation of tau at sites typically phosphorylated by GSK-3 beta in AD. The authors suggest that these compounds could be useful tools for the study and possible treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. |
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