Literature: A-K ; L-Z ; subject area
Compiled by: Julian Thorpe
Kinases
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Please Note: Due to time constraints, the text part of this page has not been updated for some time. However, references are added reasonably frequently. |
MAP kinase ; cdk5 ; GSK-3 ; neuronal cdc2-like kinase ; MARK ;
SAPKs ; Cki delta ; pk40 neurofilament kinase ; PKA ; PKB ; PKC ; fyn ;
kinases involved in tau and neurofilament phosphorylation; kinase research
references
General
Protein kinasesare enzymes responsible for the phosphorylation of hydroxyl side-chains on proteins by catalysing the transfer of a phosphate from ATP. This phosphorylation produces a change in the function of the protein concerned. Phosphorylations take place on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues and hence the enzymes are termed serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) or tyrosine kinases.
In AD, perturbations to the balance of kinase and phosphatase activities (e.g. see Gong et al. 2000 ) may lead to the inappropriate hyperphosphorylation of various proteins. For example, "Phosphorylated tau proteins accumulate early in neurons, even before formation of neurofibrillary tangles , suggesting that an imbalance between the activities of protein kinases and phosphatases acting on tau is an early phenomenon" (from review article: Brion, 1988)
And see the 'Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medical' website for detail on tau phosphorylation sites and their kinases.
 | MAP kinases (mitogen-activated protein kinase; externally regulated kinase, [ERK1 and ERK2]) |
| Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 |
| Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) |
| Neuronal cdc2-like kinase |
| MARK (microtubule-affinity regulating kinase) |
| Serine/Proline Kinase |
| Stress-Activated Protein kinases (SAPKs) |
| Casein kinase 1 delta |
| pk40 neurofilament kinase: similar to ERK2 (Roder et al., 1993). |
| cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) |
| Protein kinase B |
| Protein kinase C (PKC) |
Protein kinases involved in Tau Phosphorylation:
The consensus view in the literature suggests that the protein kinases most predominantly involved in AD-specific tau phosphorylation are cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases ; externally regulated kinase, [ERK1 and ERK2 ]).All these are involved in cellular signal transduction pathways and appear to be physically-associated with microtubules and tangles ( Pelech, 1995). Some researchers, however, have suggested that the MAP kinases may have a lesser role in the specific AD-type tau phosphorylation (Flaherty et al., 2000; Yamaguchi et al., 1996 ).
Protein kinases involved in Neurofilament Phosphorylation:
include protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), stress-activated protein kinase gamma (SAPK gamma), pk40 neurofilament kinase and neuronal cdc2-like kinase .
(These journals include: Neurology, Neurobiology of Disease, Journal of Neurochemistry, Alzheimer's Disease Review)
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